Simón Bolívar

The town council of Caracas granted Simón Bolívar the title El Libertador on 14 October 1813, following his restoration of the republic.

Republican forces under Bolívar defeated Spanish Royalists led by Cajigal in the Venezuelan War of Independence.

Royalist forces under Boves attempted to capture La Victoria, held by Ribas. This occurred during the broader struggle for Venezuelan independence in 1814.

Morillo's fleet departed Cádiz in February 1815, carrying troops to suppress rebellions in New Granada and Venezuela.

Spanish forces besieged Cartagena de Indias for 105 days, cutting off supplies until the city's fall in December 1815.

The beginning of the Third Republic is attributed to the period after the Guayana campaign, during which the Republicans restored democratic institutions in Angostura.

Bolívar moved south to join Piar in the Guayana campaign, establishing his political base. His forces captured Angostura in July 1817, gaining control of the Orinoco River.

Patriot forces defeated Royalist troops in two hours, capturing commanders and soldiers.

Colonel Barreiro and others were executed in Bogotá following the Decree of War to the Death.

Gran Colombia was established in December 1819, merging New Granada and Venezuela.

The Congress of Angostura enacted the Fundamental Law of the Republic of Colombia on 17 December 1819, formally establishing the state.

Patriot forces under Bolívar defeated royalist troops led by Miguel de la Torre on 24 June 1821, securing Venezuelan independence.

The Congress of Cúcuta drafted and approved the Constitution of Cúcuta, establishing the republic's capital in Bogotá.

The culminating event of the Congress of Cúcuta took place on August 30, 1821, in the city of Cúcuta.

Francisco de Paula Santander was elected Vice President of Gran Colombia in a heated vote against Antonio Nariño.

Patriot forces climbed Pichincha volcano on 24 May 1822, defeating Royalist troops near Quito.

Sucre entered Quito on 25 May 1822, accepting the surrender of Spanish forces.

Simón Bolívar entered Quito on 16 June 1822 following the battle's success.

Over the rest of 1822, Bolívar traveled around Ecuador to complete its annexation while dispatching officers to suppress repeated rebellions in Pasto.

San Martín and Bolívar met in Guayaquil on 26–27 July 1822 to discuss the future of Peru and South America.

San Martín unexpectedly left the country and resigned the command of his army, excluding himself from politics and the military, and moved to France in 1824.

Monroe articulated the doctrine in his State of the Union address, opposing European intervention in the Americas.

Bolívar arrived in Lima on 1 September 1823 to assume command of Peruvian forces, following requests from the Peruvian congress.

Patriot forces defeated Royalist army on 9 December 1824, securing independence.

Pro-independence forces under Bolívar defeated Royalist cavalry in the Junín highlands on 6 August 1824.

The Peruvian congress named Bolívar dictator on 10 February 1824, following political betrayals and military losses in Lima and Callao.

Bolívar reoccupied Lima in December 1824 and began a long siege of Callao, extending his dictatorship in 1825.

In early 1825, Bolívar resigned from his offices in Colombia and Peru, but neither nation's congress accepted his resignation.

On 10 February 1825, the Peruvian congress extended Bolívar's dictatorship for another year, even as he had sought to resign his offices.

In early 1825, Bolívar resigned from his offices in Colombia and Peru, but neither nation's congress accepted his resignation.

On 10 February 1825, the Peruvian congress extended Bolívar's dictatorship for another year, even as he had sought to resign his offices.

The Congress of Panama convened in Panama City from 22 June to 15 July 1826, organized by Simón Bolívar to unify Hispanic American republics.

Following the expulsion of Colombian forces from Bolivia, President Bolívar resolved to declare war against Peru on 3 June 1828.

On 3 July 1828, Presidents La Mar and Bolívar ordered mobilizations of their land and naval forces.

Bolívar left Bogotá on 16 March 1828 to address a Spanish-backed rebellion in Venezuela, contrary to the legacy date of 18 March.

Young liberals attempted to assassinate Bolívar in Bogotá on 25 September 1828. The group included Santander's secretary. The attempt failed, and Bolívar escaped.

The Southern District declared independence from Gran Colombia in May 1830, forming the State of Ecuador.

Venezuela proclaimed independence from Gran Colombia in September 1830 following a rebellion led by José Antonio Páez.

The Department of the Isthmus separated from Gran Colombia in September 1830, contributing to the union's disintegration.

Gran Colombia definitively disappeared in 1831, completing the separation of Ecuador and Venezuela.

A second separation of Panama was conceived by Colonel Juan Eligio Alzuru in July 1831.

The Southern District declared independence from Gran Colombia, forming the State of Ecuador.

Juan José Flores was named supreme chief of the new country on the day of separation.

The Central District refused to recognize the separation of the Southern District.

Flores annexed the Department of Cauca in December 1830, following earlier calls for union.