Louis XVIII

The Prince Regent hosted a grand reception at Carlton House on 19 June 1811 to celebrate his regency and honor Louis XVIII.

Louis XVIII established a drafting committee on 18 May 1814, nominating twenty-two members to prepare the constitutional text.

Louis XVIII bestowed the Charter of 1814 on 4 June 1814, refusing the earlier Constitution sénatoriale proposed by the provisional government.

Louis XVIII sent the Count of Artois to France in January 1814, appointing him Lieutenant-General of the Kingdom by letters patent in the event of his restoration.

The Allied blockade of Metz was lifted on 10 April 1814, without the city being taken by Coalition forces.

Napoleon signed the Treaty of Fontainebleau on 11 April 1814, forcing his unconditional abdication as Emperor of the French.

Louis XVIII issued the Declaration of Saint-Ouen on 2 May 1814, supporting representative government while claiming monarchical sovereignty.

The Siege of Antwerp ended in a French capitulation on 4 May 1814, closing the campaign's sieges.

The Siege of Mainz ended on 4 May 1814 as French forces left the fortress, concluding the campaign.

Napoleon abdicated for the second time in favour of his four-year-old son, Napoleon II, who was disputed Emperor for two weeks.

Wellington commanded a British-led army that defeated Napoleon at Waterloo, after which the French army surrendered Paris under the Convention of Saint-Cloud.

Louis XVIII was restored as King of France on 8 July 1815, ending the Hundred Days.

Napoleon surrendered to Captain Frederick Maitland of HMS Bellerophon on 15 July 1815.

Napoleon was transferred to HMS Northumberland for his final exile on Saint Helena.

The Treaty of Paris was signed on 20 November 1815, formally ending the Napoleonic Wars.

Louis XVIII established the Caisse des dépôts et consignations on 28 April 1816, succeeding the liquidated Caisse de garantie et d'amortissement.

Executive orders in July 1816 defined the Caisse's core functions, including safekeeping funds, voluntary deposits, and pension fund management.

Under Richelieu's ministry, the franchise was changed to give the wealthiest electors a double vote, in time for the November 1820 election.

The Congress of Verona authorized French intervention in Spain, overriding British opposition and granting France a mandate to restore the Spanish monarchy.

A secret treaty signed at Verona in January 1823 formalized the French mandate to intervene in Spain, excluding Britain.

Louis XVIII announced the mobilization of the Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis to restore Ferdinand VII's absolute power.

Louis XVIII died on 16 September 1824, ending his reign as the last monarch to die in office.

Charles X succeeded Louis XVIII on 16 September 1824, taking the throne as the new King of France.

Charles X was anointed and crowned at Reims Cathedral on 29 May 1825, the first such ceremony since 1775 and the last for a French monarch.