Andrew Jackson

Andrew Jackson was captured by British forces in April 1781 and slashed by an officer after refusing an order.

Andrew Jackson killed Charles Dickinson in a duel on May 30, 1806, near Adairville, Kentucky, following a dispute over a horse race and published insults.

American forces captured Pensacola from British and Spanish control in November 1814, following the Creek War.

United States forces under Andrew Jackson defeated the Red Sticks on March 27, 1814, effectively ending the Creek War.

Andrew Jackson forced the Creek to sign the Treaty of Fort Jackson on August 9, 1814, ending the war.

Jackson's depleted force engaged Red Sticks in January 1814, suffering heavy casualties and retreating despite inflicting losses on the enemy.

Floyd's Georgia volunteers repulsed a dawn surprise attack by 1,300 Red Sticks in Macon County, Alabama.

General Andrew Jackson finalized the agreement with Creek chiefs on August 9, 1814, ending hostilities and establishing new territorial boundaries.

The Creek Nation was compelled to surrender 23 million acres of land in Georgia and Alabama to the United States.

The conclusion of the Creek War allowed Andrew Jackson to move his forces to Louisiana for the Battle of New Orleans.

British forces under Pakenham attacked Jackson's defenses in Chalmette, resulting in a decisive American victory.

HMS Endymion captured USS President off Long Island, a significant naval action at the war's end.

The US Senate ratified the Treaty of Ghent, formally ending the war, with exchanges in Washington.

General Gaines sent a force to seize Fowltown on 21 November 1817, driving the Mikasukis from their village the following day.

On 26 December 1817, the War Department ordered General Andrew Jackson to take command in person to bring the Seminoles under control.

The campaign culminated in the execution of British agent Ambrister in April 1818, causing diplomatic tensions.

Jackson's forces destroyed several Seminole, Mikasuki, and Black Seminole towns, including Miccosukee settlements, during the 1818 campaign.

Jackson assembled forces at Fort Scott in March 1818, including 800 U.S. troops, to launch the invasion of Spanish Florida.

Memphis was founded on May 22, 1819, by Overton, Winchester, and Jackson on land ceded by the Chickasaw.

No candidate won a majority of the electoral vote in the 1824 election, resulting in an inconclusive outcome.

The House of Representatives held a contingent election on February 9, 1825, to resolve the lack of an electoral majority.

John Quincy Adams was inaugurated as the sixth President of the United States on March 4, 1825.

John C. Calhoun gave his support to Jackson for the 1828 election in June 1826, solidifying the Jacksonian coalition's leadership.

Jacksonians bolstered their numbers in Congress, with Andrew Stevenson becoming Speaker in 1827, signaling the party's organizational growth before the 1828 election.

Jackson's campaign launch on January 8, 1828, is most often cited as the Democratic Party's birth, though historians debate the founding date.

Jackson supporters organized a political structure in Maryland on May 21, 1827, to aid Jackson's presidential campaign after the 1824 election.

The Tariff of 1828, called the "Tariff of Abominations," eroded Adams's Southern support and aided Jackson's campaign.

Presidential elections were held from October 31 to December 2, 1828, with Jackson winning a landslide victory.

Adams refused to attend Jackson's inauguration on March 4, 1829, embittered by his defeat.

Andrew Jackson was inaugurated as the seventh President on March 4, 1829, at the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C.

Congress passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830, authorizing land exchanges and removal west of the Mississippi River.

President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act into law on May 28, 1830.

Andrew Jackson was re-elected president in the 1832 election, defeating Henry Clay and William Wirt.

South Carolina's state convention declared the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 null and void, setting a deadline for enforcement.

John C. Calhoun resigned as Vice President to become a Senator, allowing him to defend nullification in Senate debates.

President Jackson issued a proclamation threatening military force to enforce the tariffs in South Carolina.

The administration of President Andrew Jackson expanded and extended the Survey's scope and organization following the 1832 law.

Congress passed legislation on July 10, 1832, renewing the 1807 law and returning the Survey to the Department of the Treasury.

The Survey resumed field work in April 1833, returning to the New York City area.

Andrew Jackson was sworn in for his second term as President of the United States on March 4, 1833, in the House Chamber of the U.S. Capitol.

The Senate voted 26–20 to censure Jackson for removing federal deposits, marking the only explicit presidential censure resolution.

Jackson protested the censure as unconstitutional, arguing the Senate exceeded its authority by charging him with an impeachable offense.

In January 1837, a Democratic majority voted to expunge the censure, though historians still regard Jackson as censured.

Henry Clay delivered a speech in 1834 comparing Jackson's opponents to British Whigs, establishing the party's name.

President Jackson transferred the Survey of the Coast from the Treasury to the Navy on March 11, 1834.

The Survey acquired the schooner Jersey in 1834, and under Gedney's command it began depth sounding operations in October 1834.

Richard Lawrence attempted to shoot President Andrew Jackson outside the United States Capitol on January 30, 1835, but both pistols misfired.

Polk became Speaker in December 1835, the only person to serve as both Speaker and president, following Jackson's political maneuvering.

In January 1835, President Andrew Jackson paid off the national debt, the only time in U.S. history that the public debt contracted to zero.

Andrew Jackson declined to seek another term, ensuring Van Buren's succession and influence over the Democratic Party.

Van Buren was sworn in as the eighth U.S. President on March 4, 1837, at the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C.

Van Buren defeated Harrison in the 1836 election, held between November 3 and December 7, 1836. Harrison finished second in both popular and electoral votes.

The Office of Weights and Measures was placed under the Coast Survey's control in 1836, expanding its scientific mandate.

President Jackson ordered the Survey's return to the Treasury Department on March 26, 1836, due to poor performance under Navy authority.

Andrew Jackson died on June 8, 1845, at The Hermitage in Nashville, Tennessee, from dropsy, tuberculosis, and heart failure.

James K. Polk was sworn in as the 11th President on March 4, 1845, at the U.S. Capitol, becoming the youngest president to that point.