Ottoman Empire

Bozoklu Celal, also known as Şah Veli, rebelled against the Ottoman Empire in Anatolia in 1519.

The Ottoman invasion of Cyprus began, starting the War of Cyprus.

An Ottoman envoy delivered a demand for Cyprus's cession to Venice.

The treaty was signed on 21 March 1590 in Constantinople, ending the war and securing Ottoman gains.

Ottoman forces under Sinan Pasha launched a campaign against the Habsburg monarchy, marking the official start of the Long Turkish War.

Ottoman forces besieged the fort of Eger starting in September 1596, leading to its capitulation in October.

Legacy data records the founding of the territory of Kuwait in 1613, a date not substantiated by the supplied source passages.

Sobieski’s 20,000 troops withstood a two-week siege by 50,000 Ottoman soldiers under Ibrahim Pasha.

The Commonwealth regained one-third of lost Ukrainian territories and ceased paying tribute to the Ottomans.

The treaty was signed on 17 October 1676 in Żurawno, ending the second phase of the war.

The treaty stipulated that Lipka Tatars could individually choose to serve either the Ottoman Empire or the Commonwealth.

The treaty was signed on 3 January 1681 in Bakhchisarai, ending the 1676–1681 war.

All sides agreed not to settle the territory between the Southern Bug and Dnieper rivers.

The treaty stipulated a future 'Eternal Peace' between Russia and Poland, signed in 1686.

Venetian forces under Morosini occupied the entire Peloponnese peninsula by 1687, concluding the first period of Ottoman rule.

Venetian forces besieged the fortress of Negroponte, modern Chalkis, from July to October 1688.

The Ottomans recaptured Belgrade in 1690 after the Habsburg advance stalled due to the Nine Years' War.

The peace congress began in Sremski Karlovci on 16 November 1698.

The peace treaty was formally signed on 26 January 1699 in Sremski Karlovci, concluding the Great Turkish War.

Venice obtained most of Dalmatia and the Peloponnese, although the latter was later restored to the Turks.

The Ottoman Empire formally declared war on Venice on 9 December 1714, citing the seizure of a ship and the sanctuary granted to Danilo I as pretexts.

The peace treaty was formally signed in Požarevac on 21 July 1718, ending the conflict between the Ottoman Empire and its adversaries.

A preliminary peace treaty was signed in Belgrade on 18 September 1739, initiating the peace process between Russia and the Ottoman Empire.

The final Russo-Turkish peace treaty was signed in Niš on 3 October 1739, ending the war between the two empires.

The treaty was formally concluded with the exchange of diplomatic instruments and a final convention signed in Constantinople on 28 December 1739.

Erekle II retreated to Aspindza, lured 8,000 Turkish troops to the Kura river, and defeated them in detail at the crossing.

Russian forces under Suvorov defeated Ottoman troops near Kozludzha on 20 June 1774.

Austrian forces entered and occupied key regions of northern Moldavia following the Russo-Ottoman peace treaty.

A mixed commission demarcated the new border between Bukovina and Moldavia, concluding in 1776.

Russia and the Ottomans signed the peace treaty at Küçük Kaynarca on 21 July 1774, granting major concessions after the Ottoman defeat at Kozludzha.

After remaining nominally independent but dependent on Russia, the Crimean Khanate was formally annexed by Catherine the Great in 1783.

The legacy claim of an Ottoman agreement to the annexation in a Treaty of Constantinople dated 6 January 1784 finds no support in the supplied passages.

The Ottoman Empire signed the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca on 21 July 1774, ending the war with major concessions to Russia.

The treaty granted Russia the right to protect Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire, a significant diplomatic shift.

The treaty forced the Ottomans to allow Russian ships to pass through the Turkish Straits into the Mediterranean.

Ottoman and Russian representatives signed the treaty on 10 March 1779 at the Aynalıkavak palace in Istanbul, with French mediation.

The Ottomans took an unnamed strategic location without engaging the Austrians, while contemporary reports still recorded Austrian losses.

Bernard uncitedly claimed 10,000 casualties, but official reports attribute most 1788 campaign losses to malaria and dysentery.

Austrian detachments scouting for Ottomans fired on one another during the night of 21–22 September 1788, causing self-inflicted casualties.

After early setbacks, the Habsburgs liberated Belgrade and won near Calafat in 1790, shaping the pre-negotiation situation.

The treaty ending the last Austro-Turkish war was signed at Sistova on 4 August 1791, brokered by Britain, Prussia and the Netherlands.

Russia and the Ottomans signed the treaty in spring 1800, creating the Septinsular Republic as the first autonomous Greek state since 1453.

On 1 November 1800 the Grand Vizier presented the delegates with the constitution, a diploma of autonomy, and the new flag, blessed by the Patriarch.

The Treaty of the Dardanelles was concluded between Britain and the Ottoman Empire on 5 January 1809 at Çanak.

The Ottoman government restored extensive British commercial and legal privileges within the empire.

Britain promised to protect the Ottoman Empire from French threats using its fleet and weapons supplies.

The Holy Alliance issued a final warning to the Ottoman Empire on March 14, 1822, prompting the Sultan to recall his troops.

A naval battle fought on 30 September 1827 in the Gulf of Corinth between Greek and Ottoman/Egyptian forces during the Greek War of Independence.

Britain, France, and Russia signed the Treaty of London on 6 July 1827, demanding an Ottoman armistice in Greece.

France, Russia, and Great Britain signed the London Protocol on 3 February 1830, recognizing Greece as a fully sovereign and independent state separate from the Ottoman Empire.

The protocol defined the northern border of Greece from the mouth of the Achelous or Aspropotamos river to the mouth of the Spercheios river.

The London Protocol determined that the Greek state would be a monarchy, ruled by the Ruler Sovereign of Greece.

Ambassadors from Russia, Britain, and France notified Greece and the Ottoman Empire of the protocol on 27 March / 8 April 1830.

The Great Powers signed the Convention for the Pacification of the Levant with the Ottoman Empire on 15 July 1840.

Muhammad Ali refused the terms, leading to the Oriental Crisis and military intervention by European powers.

Muhammad Ali accepted the convention on 27 November 1840 following the capture of Acre.

Abadan Island, long subject to competing claims between Iran and the Ottomans, was ceded to Iran by Turkey in 1847.

The Second Treaty of Erzurum was signed on 31 May 1847, settling boundary disputes between the Ottoman Empire and Qajar Persia.

A catastrophic earthquake struck near Crete on October 12, 1856, destroying most homes in Heraklion and causing deaths across the Ottoman Empire.

An international commission met on 5 September 1860 to investigate the causes of the 1860 sectarian violence and recommend a new administrative system for Lebanon.

Montenegro declared war on the Ottoman Empire on 18 June 1876, following a prior agreement with Serbia.

Serbia formally declared war on the Ottoman Empire on 13 December 1877, starting the second phase of the conflict.

Serbian forces regrouped with Russian assistance during the second phase of the war, leveraging prior combat experience.

Russian troops defeated Ottoman forces in Plovdiv on 17 January 1878.

Russian and Bulgarian forces defeated the Ottoman Empire in the final battle for control of the Shipka Pass.

Britain gained administrative control of Cyprus through the Cyprus Convention of 4 June 1878, a secret agreement concluded before the Congress opened, whose outcomes were reflected in the treaty.

The Treaty of Berlin was signed on 13 July 1878, formally settling affairs in the East among the major powers and the Ottoman Empire.

The treaty recognized the independence of Serbia, Montenegro, and Romania, although they lost territory compared to the Treaty of San Stefano.

Austria-Hungary obtained the right to garrison the Bosnia Vilayet and the Sanjak of Novi Pazar.

A peace treaty was signed on 20 September 1897 between Greece and the Ottoman Empire, ending the Greco-Turkish War of 1897.