Muhammad Ali Pasha

Muhammad Ali gained public support during infighting between Ottomans and Mamluks, aligning with Omar Makram.

Muhammad Ali was named Wāli of Egypt in 1805, gaining the rank of Pasha after the Ottomans yielded to local demands.

Muhammad Ali invited Mamluk leaders to a celebration at the Cairo Citadel, where they were surrounded and killed by his troops.

Muhammad Adlan, preparing to resist the Turkish conquest, was assassinated in a plot near Sennar in early 1821.

Ismail Pasha led his forces across the Bayuda Desert to reach the Nile, facilitating the advance toward Sennar.

The Egyptian forces established their headquarters at Khartoum, which developed into Sudan's capital city.

The last Funj Sultan surrendered to Ismail Pasha, ending the Funj Sultanate and allowing Egyptian occupation of Sennar.

Egyptian forces established the modern city in 1821, transforming a prosperous caravan stop into an administrative center.

Zarafa left Marseille on 20 May 1827 to walk 900 km to Paris, avoiding dangerous sea routes.

Zarafa was presented to King Charles X at Saint-Cloud on 9 July 1827, causing a sensation in Paris.

Ibrahim Pasha led Egyptian forces into Syria in late 1831, initiating the First Turko-Egyptian War.

Egyptian forces besieged Acre starting in late 1831, capturing it after six months.

Peasants, urban notables, and Bedouins rebelled against Egyptian conscription and taxation in Palestine and Transjordan, forming a broad coalition against Egyptian rule.

Muslims and Druze led peasant revolts in Sidon Eyalet, encompassing Mount Lebanon, Hauran, and Galilee, against Egyptian conscription orders.

Alawites on the Syrian coast revolted in the Aleppo Eyalet, joining broader resistance against Egyptian rule in Ottoman Syria.