Duke of Wellington

The Congress of Verona authorized French intervention in Spain, overriding British opposition and granting France a mandate to restore the Spanish monarchy.

A secret treaty signed at Verona in January 1823 formalized the French mandate to intervene in Spain, excluding Britain.

Louis XVIII announced the mobilization of the Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis to restore Ferdinand VII's absolute power.

Daniel O'Connell established the Catholic Association in 1823 to campaign for Catholic emancipation in Ireland.

In 1824, the Association introduced the Catholic Rent, a monthly fee for associate members to fund the campaign.

British officials feared civil war due to the Association's power, leading to support for the 1829 Relief Act.

By 1826, the Association used its funds to support pro-emancipation MPs and members voting against landlords.

Lord Combermere arrived in Calcutta in October 1825 after a prolonged voyage, preparing for the campaign against Bharatpur.

Combermere reached Agra in early December 1825 and arrived at Bharatpore on 10 December 1825, ahead of the siege operations that began that month.

The Duke of Wellington recommended Lord Combermere for the siege despite doubts about his genius.

Lord Combermere arrived in India in October 1825 and reached Bharatpur in December to conduct the siege.

British troops under Lord Combermere stormed the fortress of Bharatpur on 18 January 1826, ending the siege.

Daniel O'Connell defeated William Vesey Fitzgerald in the 1828 County Clare by-election, forcing the issue of emancipation.

The Parliament of the United Kingdom passed the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829, removing sacramental tests barring Catholics from Parliament and higher offices.

The Parliamentary Elections (Ireland) Act 1829 was passed simultaneously to secure the Protestant Ascendancy, disenfranchising tenant farmers.

O'Connell was re-elected and took his seat in Westminster, standing unopposed in a new by-election.

The railway opened on 15 September 1830 with termini at Manchester, Liverpool Road, and Liverpool Crown Street, drawing government luminaries including the Prime Minister.

William Huskisson was run over and fatally injured by Robert Stephenson's locomotive Rocket at the opening of the railway.

An advance party of the New Zealand Company arrived on the ship Tory in September 1839, initiating European settlement in the area.

Captain William Mein Smith designed the town's layout in 1840 as the first Surveyor General for the New Zealand Company.

150 settlers arrived on the Aurora on 22 January 1840, officially founding the settlement of Wellington.

The settlement was named Wellington in November 1840 by the original settlers on the suggestion of the New Zealand Company directors.

Lord Melbourne announced his intention to resign as Prime Minister after a government bill passed by a narrow margin of five votes in the House of Commons.

In the 1841 general election, Peel's Conservatives gained a majority, and Victoria appointed Peel as prime minister, conceding to the replacement of six ladies-in-waiting.

The House of Commons voted to repeal the Corn Laws on 15 May 1846, following years of advocacy and shifting political support.

The Importation Act 1846 received royal assent in June 1846 after passing the House of Lords.

The Importation Act 1846 mandated a three-year gradual reduction of tariffs, culminating in full abolition on 1 February 1849.