Alexander I of Russia

Russia demanded Sweden join the Continental System, warning of action if Sweden did not comply.

Russian troops crossed the border into Finland without a declaration of war.

Russian forces occupied Helsinki and began bombarding the Sveaborg fortress.

A Russian night crossing of the Danube trapped Ottoman forces, and Grand Vizier Ahmed Pasha formally surrendered to Kutuzov in November 1811.

Negotiations began in Bucharest on 11 January 1812; in early May the Russians modified their demands on Canning's advice to enable progress.

The treaty was signed at Manuc's Inn in Bucharest on 28 May 1812 by Kutuzov's delegation and ratified on 5 July 1812, thirteen days before Napoleon invaded Russia.

The treaty ceded the Budjak and eastern Moldavia between Prut and Dniester rivers—renamed Bessarabia—to Russia, while Russia returned other occupied lands.

A supplementary annex to the treaty granted diplomatic couriers a right of neutral passage through Wallachia, provided they carried a specific lead seal.

Emperor Alexander I ordered Finland's capital transferred from Turku to Helsinki on 8 April 1812, to curb Swedish influence and move the capital nearer St Petersburg.

In 1819 the Senate of Finland moved from Turku to Helsinki, after which official documents and Finnish-language newspapers adopted the name Helsinki.

Napoleon was defeated by the Sixth Coalition in a massive engagement involving 560,000 soldiers and resulting in 133,000 casualties.

The storming of Lankaran by General Pyotr Kotlyarevsky on 1 January 1813 precipitated peace negotiations.

Tsar Alexander I and King Frederick William III sailed from Boulogne-sur-Mer to Dover aboard HMS Impregnable on 6 June 1814.

Alexander I signed the Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland on November 27, 1815, fulfilling the Congress of Vienna's requirement for a constitutional monarchy.

The Holy Alliance was signed in Paris on 26 September 1815, linking Austria, Prussia, and Russia to uphold the European status quo.

The Congress met in Troppau in October 1820 to discuss means of suppressing the revolution in Naples.

The powers signed a protocol asserting that revolutionary states were excluded from the European Alliance.

The Congress of Verona authorized French intervention in Spain, overriding British opposition and granting France a mandate to restore the Spanish monarchy.

A secret treaty signed at Verona in January 1823 formalized the French mandate to intervene in Spain, excluding Britain.

Louis XVIII announced the mobilization of the Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis to restore Ferdinand VII's absolute power.