Qing Conquest of the Kingdom of Tungning
- When
- 1683–1684
- Where
- Tongshan, Fujian; Penghu (Pescadores); Kingdom of Tungning; Taiwan
- Episodes
- 5
In 1683, Qing admiral Shi Lang led a naval expedition from Fujian to conquer the Kingdom of Tungning. Following the decisive Battle of Penghu, Zheng Keshuang surrendered, ending Zheng rule and leading to Taiwan's incorporation into the Qing Empire.
Episodes
- Fleet Departure from Tongshan
Shi Lang's fleet of 238 ships and over 21,000 men departed Tongshan, Fujian, to invade the Kingdom of Tungning.
- Battle of Penghu
Qing forces defeated the Tungning navy under Liu Guoxuan in a major engagement near the Pescadores.
- Drafting of Surrender Petition
Zheng Keshuang ordered the drafting of a surrender petition to the Qing Empire following the naval defeat.
- Formal Capitulation in Taiwan
Shi Lang arrived in Taiwan to supervise the official surrender of Zheng Keshuang and the Tungning government.
- Administrative Integration into Fujian
Taiwan was divided into three counties and established as a prefecture of Fujian province.
Background and detail
Background. The Kingdom of Tungning, ruled by the Zheng family, controlled parts of Taiwan and Penghu until 1683. Following the Revolt of the Three Feudatories, the Kangxi Emperor sought a leader for an amphibious operation against Taiwan, eventually appointing Shi Lang as supreme commander.
The Naval Campaign. After failed attempts in early 1683, Shi Lang's fleet of 238 ships and over 21,000 men departed Tongshan on 8 July 1683. The Qing forces engaged the Tungning navy near the Pescadores, resulting in a decisive Qing victory that forced the Tungning leadership to consider surrender.
Surrender and Integration. Zheng Keshuang drafted a surrender petition in August 1683. Shi Lang arrived in Taiwan in October to formalize the capitulation. The Kangxi Emperor subsequently divided Taiwan into three counties, establishing it as a prefecture of Fujian province in 1684.
People involved
- Shi Lang · Qing Admiral and Supreme Commander
- Zheng Keshuang · Last King of the Kingdom of Tungning
- Liu Guoxuan · Tungning Naval Commander
Sources
- Shi Lang Wikipedia, revision of 2026-08-14
- Battle of Penghu Wikipedia, revision of 2026-08-21
- Kingdom of Tungning Wikipedia, revision of 2026-09-27
- Zheng Keshuang Wikipedia, revision of 2026-06-12
Machine-drafted from the cited Wikipedia passages and checked by a reviewing model, not by a human editor. Every passage cites the revision it was written from; dates and places follow those passages.