William I of the Netherlands

Former Orangist politicians and Patriots formed a provisional government in November 1813, inviting William to assume power as Sovereign Prince.

The Treaty of Paris on 30 May 1814 apportioned Belgium to the future Netherlands, formalizing the territorial basis for the London Protocol.

Representatives of the four Great Powers signed the secret convention in London on 21 June 1814, awarding Belgian and Dutch territories to William I.

The Triumvirate of 1813 formally took control of the liberated Netherlands on 20 November 1813 and declared the Principality of the United Netherlands the following day.

William landed at Scheveningen beach on 30 November 1813, invited by the Triumvirate, marking his return after eighteen years of exile.

De Nederlandsche Bank was founded in 1814 by King William I as the central bank for the Netherlands, issuing the guilder.

The treaty included trade rights for Dutch subjects in British-held territories and prohibited slave ships in British ports, reflecting mutual opposition to the slave trade.

Lord Castlereagh and Hendrik Fagel signed the treaty in London on 13 August 1814, formalizing the return of most Dutch colonies occupied during the Napoleonic Wars.

The treaty returned many Dutch colonies to the Netherlands, including Surinam, Curaçao, and the Dutch East Indies, while several others were permanently ceded to Britain.

The University of Ghent was officially opened on 9 October 1817, with JC van Rotterdam serving as the first rector.

Riots erupted in Brussels on 25 August 1830 following a patriotic opera performance, leading to looting and armed conflict against Dutch forces.

The Provisional Government officially declared the independence of the provinces of Belgium on 4 October 1830.

The London Conference recognized Belgian independence and guaranteed its status, correcting the location from Brussels to London.