Wilhelm von Knyphausen

American troops resisted a British and Hessian landing at Pell's Point on October 18, 1776, delaying Howe long enough for Washington's army to reach White Plains.

Howe attacked Washington's fortified position near White Plains on October 28, 1776, driving the Americans from Chatterton Hill and forcing a further northern retreat.

On November 16, 1776, British forces captured Fort Washington, the last American stronghold on Manhattan, gaining the surrender of the garrison's remnant.

After Cooch's Bridge, Washington abandoned Red Clay Creek and deployed at Chadds Ford, guarding multiple fords beginning September 9, 1777.

Armstrong's Pennsylvania militia covered Pyle's Ford; Wayne and Greene held Chadds Ford; Sullivan, Stephen, and Stirling extended northward along the east banks.

Howe demonstrated before Chadds Ford while flanking Washington's right; Knyphausen broke the weakened American center, routing the Continental Army.

Howe's army landed in Maryland on August 25, 1777, and moved north toward Philadelphia, its advance monitored by American light infantry based at Cooch's Bridge.

German troops leading the British advance were ambushed by Maxwell's light infantry near Cooch's Bridge; after seven hours of fighting the Americans retreated across the bridge.

Some traditions claim the Battle of Cooch's Bridge was the first battle in which the United States flag was flown.

On September 18, 1777, Hessian troops under von Knyphausen captured and burned the Valley Forge supply magazine despite Hamilton's and Lee's evacuation efforts.

Washington consulted his generals beginning October 29, 1777, and chose Valley Forge for strategic, political, and environmental reasons.

By the end of December 1777, congressional neglect had dried up supplies, leaving Washington unable to feed or clothe his soldiers.

Washington led his 12,000-man Continental Army into winter quarters at Valley Forge on December 19, 1777, beginning a six-month encampment.

Clinton evacuated Newport, left Knyphausen in New York, and sailed December 26, 1779, with 8,500 troops and 5,000 sailors, anchoring February 1, 1780.

British forces advanced to Middleton Place and Drayton Hall, crossed the Ashley River on March 29, 1780, and besieged Charleston for roughly six weeks.

On May 12, 1780, Major General Benjamin Lincoln surrendered the Charleston garrison to the British after approximately six weeks of siege.

The surrender left no substantial American army in the South; after Waxhaws the British cleared South Carolina, and Clinton departed for New York on June 5, 1780.