United Kingdom

The Royal Navy intercepted and defeated a Spanish squadron transporting gold and silver to Cádiz, escalating tensions between Spain and Britain.

Spain formally declared war on the United Kingdom on 14 December 1804, initiating the second phase of the Anglo-Spanish War.

Black Rock was burned to the ground twice by the British during the War of 1812, and despite the destruction it continued to prosper.

Fort Schlosser, occupied by American troops at the start of the War of 1812, was captured and burned in 1813.

The United States of the Ionian Islands was constituted as a federation, succeeding the Septinsular Republic and covering the islands plus the port of Parga.

Corfu became the seat of the British Lord High Commissioner, serving as the central hub for the new protectorate's administration.

Britain secured a protectorate over the Ionian Islands through a treaty signed in Paris on 5 November 1815, establishing the United States of the Ionian Islands.

Ashanti forces defeated British troops under MacCarthy, killing the governor and taking his head as a trophy.

Economic provisions for Spain's inclusion in the British commercial system failed to materialize despite a signed treaty.

The treaty split the Province of Limburg into Belgian and Dutch parts, resolving territorial disputes arising from the 1830 revolution.

Belgium was granted the right of transit by rail or canal over Dutch territory as an outlet to the German Ruhr.

The Treaty of London was signed on 19 April 1839, formally recognizing Belgium's independence and establishing its neutrality under international guarantee.

Britain and France demanded Russian withdrawal from Moldavia and Wallachia on 27 February 1854.

A Royal Navy fleet sailed for the Baltic under Vice-Admiral Sir Charles Napier in March 1854.

Britain declared war on Russia on 27 March 1854, following the rejection of an ultimatum to withdraw from the Danubian Principalities.

France declared war on Russia on 28 March 1854, completing the Anglo-French diplomatic sequence against Russian expansion.

Russian troops constructed a fort on the site of present-day Serhetabat after taking the Panjdeh oasis.

Russian forces attacked Afghan positions at Panjdeh, overwhelming the defenders and capturing artillery and convoys.

Ten countries signed the first version of the Berne Convention on 9 September 1886 in Bern, establishing legal principles for protecting original works.

The United Kingdom and Qing China signed the Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory in Peking on 9 June 1898.

The convention defined the leased areas as the New Territories and New Kowloon, including 235 islands, for a 99-year term.

Local clans resisted British administration in 1899, fearing for their traditional land rights, leading to the Six-Day War.

The Tripartite Convention of 1899 partitioned the Samoan islands between the US and Germany, while a joint commission abolished the Samoan kingship in June 1899.

Tanumafili and Tamasese allies were defeated on January 1, 1899, following protests against Tanumafili's appointment as King.

At the request of the United Kingdom, Germany, and the United States, King Oscar II was again called on to arbitrate in Samoan affairs in 1899.

Tonga became a protected state under a Treaty of Friendship with Britain on 18 May 1900.

The United Kingdom recognized the Chan Santa Cruz Maya as a de facto independent nation due to trade with British Honduras.