Joachim Murat

Bolstered Royalist troops began marching on Paris in early October 1795, amid rumours of National Guard defection.

At 1 am on 13 Vendémiaire, Bonaparte overrode Barras; Murat's squadron retrieved cannons, which Bonaparte placed with effective fields of fire.

On 13 Vendémiaire (5 October 1795), French Revolutionary troops battled Royalist forces in the streets of Paris, defeating them.

Officers had to account for their whereabouts on 19 October; Royalists nicknamed Bonaparte Général Vendémiaire; Carlyle recorded a "Whiff of Grapeshot".

Napoleon redirected his invasion force from Boulogne to the Rhine in August 1805 to confront Austrian and Russian threats.

Marshal Ney routed an Austrian corps led by Johann Sigismund Riesch near Elchingen.

Napoleon trapped and forced the surrender of an entire Austrian army near Ulm.

French troops attempted to slow the retreat of a superior Russian and Austrian force.

Russian forces under Bagration delayed the French pursuit near Hollabrunn.

Napoleon decisively defeated a combined Austro-Russian force near Austerlitz.

Austria signed the Peace of Pressburg, leaving the coalition and ceasing hostilities.

Civilians in Madrid rebelled against French occupation troops on 2 May 1808, leading to fierce combat in the Puerta del Sol.

Russian troops and most civilians abandoned Moscow on 14 September 1812; during the French occupation a fire burned from 14 to 18 September and destroyed the city.

Napoleon successfully took Moscow in September 1812, but the Russians refused to acknowledge defeat and prepared to fight on through the winter.

On 19 October 1812 Napoleon retreated from Moscow and marched south-west toward Kaluga, with Eugène de Beauharnais leading the advance.

The Battle of Maloyaroslavets on 24 October 1812 was an inconclusive encounter that led Napoleon to retreat along the same line as his advance, with disastrous results.

The Battle of Vyazma on 3 November 1812 (22 October old style) occurred at the beginning of Napoleon's retreat from Moscow; the retreating army's rearguard was defeated.

From 15 to 18 November 1812 Kutuzov attacked the remnants of the Grande Armée at Krasnoi, defeating Napoleon's retreating army in a series of skirmishes.

Murat declared war on Austria on 15 March 1815, siding with Napoleon after learning of his return from exile.

The decisive battle of the Neapolitan War occurred on 2–3 May 1815, resulting in an Austrian victory.

Murat was captured and executed by firing squad in Pizzo Calabro on 13 October 1815.

Carlo Brioschi made the first observation from the observatory's east dome on 17 December 1819, measuring the position of Alpha Cassiopeiae.