Jean-Conrad Hottinguer
- Events
- 1
- Episodes
- 4
- Years
- 1797–1800
Every event in Historedia whose sources name Jean-Conrad Hottinguer, with the role they cite and all of that event’s episodes. This is not a biography, and mentions are grouped by name, so two people with the same name can share this page.
Events and episodes
XYZ Affair
1797–1800Role: French agent identified as "X" who relayed the demands
- Crisis and the Choice of a Commission
After French seizures of American shipping and Pinckney's rejection as minister, Adams convened Congress and formed a three-man commission to France.
- Informal Demands in Paris and the Refusal
In Paris in early October 1797, agents of Talleyrand demanded a loan and a £50,000 bribe; the commissioners curtly refused and negotiations never became formal.
- Collapse of the Talks and the Commissioners' Departure
Talleyrand exploited the commissioners' divisions, appearing only in November to castigate them; Marshall and Pinckney left France in April 1798, and Gerry returned home in October 1798.
- Disclosure, the X, Y, Z Letters, and the Quasi-War
Adams released documents substituting X, Y, and Z for the French agents' names; Congress rearmed, nullified the 1778 alliance, and the affair led to the undeclared Quasi-War.
- Crisis and the Choice of a Commission
Sources
- XYZ Affair Wikipedia, revision of 2026-09-21