Giuseppe Garibaldi

French troops landed at Civitavecchia in April 1849, beginning the siege of Rome to crush the Roman Republic.

Republican forces under Garibaldi defeated a numerically superior French army at the Porta San Pancrazio gate.

The Roman Assembly debated surrender, street fighting, or retreat on 30 June 1849 as French forces pressed the siege.

French troops entered Rome on 3 July 1849, reestablishing the Holy See's temporal power.

Annibale de Gasparis discovered asteroid Hygiea at Naples on 12 April 1849, naming it Igea Borbonica to honor King Ferdinand II.

On 30 April 1849, Garibaldi's republican army defeated a numerically far superior French force at Porta San Pancrazio in Rome.

Two Sicilies troops reconquered Palermo on 15 May 1849, crushing the Sicilian republican government.

Austrian forces under Karl von Urban defeated Garibaldi's Hunters of the Alps on 15 June 1859.

Garibaldi's Hunters of the Alps defeated Austrian forces under Karl von Urban on 26 May 1859 in Lombardy.

Garibaldi's volunteers failed to conclusively defeat the reorganized Neapolitan army on 30 September 1860.

Garibaldi's 30,000 volunteers defeated 25,000 Bourbon troops on 1 October 1860 in the main engagement around the River Volturno.

Garibaldi greeted Victor Emmanuel II as King of Italy and handed over control of southern Italy.

Garibaldi's Thousand arrived at Marsala on 11 May 1860, aided by Royal Navy ships, marking the start of the expedition.

Garibaldi's Redshirts defeated a larger Neapolitan army at Calatafimi on 15 May 1860, securing his first victory in Sicily.

Garibaldi's forces besieged and occupied Palermo between 27 and 30 May 1860, taking the capital of Sicily.

Garibaldi's forces defeated royal Neapolitan forces near Milazzo in July 1860, bringing nearly all of Sicily under his control.

After securing Sicily, Garibaldi's forces crossed from the island to the Italian mainland in August 1860 to continue the campaign against the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.

Piedmontese forces defeated the Papal army at Castelfidardo on 18 September 1860, allowing them to march into Neapolitan territory.

Tuscany sided with Sardinia in 1860, leading to its annexation by Piedmont-Sardinia prior to the Kingdom of Italy's formation.

Cavour's reinstatement as Prime Minister facilitated the Treaty of Turin, granting Nice and Savoy to France in exchange for plebiscites in Central Italy.

Uprisings in Messina and Palermo in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies provided Garibaldi with an opportunity for intervention in April 1860.

Garibaldi led the Expedition of the Thousand in 1860 on behalf of Victor Emmanuel II, departing from Quarto to launch the southern campaign.

Garibaldi's volunteers invaded Lazio, the region containing Rome, in October 1867, challenging Papal control.

A group of Garibaldi's forces was surrounded by Papal Zouaves on the night of 22 October 1867.

The campaign culminated in the Battle of Mentana on November 3, 1867, resulting in a French-Papal victory.

Garibaldi's Army of the Vosges resumed fighting in Dijon on January 21, 1871, after the city was returned to French control.