Germany

Britain gained administrative control of Cyprus through the Cyprus Convention of 4 June 1878, a secret agreement concluded before the Congress opened, whose outcomes were reflected in the treaty.

The Treaty of Berlin was signed on 13 July 1878, formally settling affairs in the East among the major powers and the Ottoman Empire.

The treaty recognized the independence of Serbia, Montenegro, and Romania, although they lost territory compared to the Treaty of San Stefano.

Austria-Hungary obtained the right to garrison the Bosnia Vilayet and the Sanjak of Novi Pazar.

The defensive military alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy was formally established on 20 May 1882.

Ten countries signed the first version of the Berne Convention on 9 September 1886 in Bern, establishing legal principles for protecting original works.

The Tripartite Convention of 1899 partitioned the Samoan islands between the US and Germany, while a joint commission abolished the Samoan kingship in June 1899.

Tanumafili and Tamasese allies were defeated on January 1, 1899, following protests against Tanumafili's appointment as King.

At the request of the United Kingdom, Germany, and the United States, King Oscar II was again called on to arbitrate in Samoan affairs in 1899.