Eugène de Beauharnais

Napoleon crowned himself King of Italy at Milan Cathedral on 26 May 1805, using the Iron Crown and a specific liturgical formula.

Austrian forces crossed the Inn River into Bavaria, a French client state, initiating hostilities without a declaration of war.

French III Corps under Marshal Davout defeated the Austrian III Armeekorps commanded by Prince Hohenzollern-Hechingen.

Napoleon defeated a reinforced Austrian corps led by Archduke Louis, though Austrians captured Regensburg.

French troops under Napoleon and Marshal Davout defeated the Austrians, marking the turning point of the campaign.

France occupied and annexed the Papal States in stages beginning in May 1809, and exiled Pope Pius VII to Savona.

Austrian troops under Archduke Charles defeated the French, inflicting Napoleon's first major setback.

Franco-Italian forces defeated Habsburg forces, preventing Archduke John from reinforcing the Battle of Wagram.

Napoleon defeated the Austrians in a costly but decisive victory, consolidating his dominance.

Hofer was betrayed near St Martin in Passeier on 28 January 1810 and sent to Mantua in chains to face a court-martial.

Hofer was executed by firing squad on 20 February 1810 at Porta Giulia in Mantua, despite initial pardon attempts.

Russian troops and most civilians abandoned Moscow on 14 September 1812; during the French occupation a fire burned from 14 to 18 September and destroyed the city.

Napoleon successfully took Moscow in September 1812, but the Russians refused to acknowledge defeat and prepared to fight on through the winter.

On 19 October 1812 Napoleon retreated from Moscow and marched south-west toward Kaluga, with Eugène de Beauharnais leading the advance.

The Battle of Maloyaroslavets on 24 October 1812 was an inconclusive encounter that led Napoleon to retreat along the same line as his advance, with disastrous results.

The Battle of Vyazma on 3 November 1812 (22 October old style) occurred at the beginning of Napoleon's retreat from Moscow; the retreating army's rearguard was defeated.

From 15 to 18 November 1812 Kutuzov attacked the remnants of the Grande Armée at Krasnoi, defeating Napoleon's retreating army in a series of skirmishes.

The final units of the Kingdom of Italy were disbanded in stages: Palombini and Zucchi after a Mincio engagement on 11 February 1814, and Severoli and Lechi following the Convention of Mantua.

Eugène de Beauharnais and Heinrich Graf von Bellegarde signed the agreement on 24 April 1814, returning the Kingdom of Italy to provisional Austrian rule.