William Walker takes control of Nicaragua

Background. Walker arrived in Nicaragua in 1855 to support the Democratic Party against the Legitimists. He captured Granada in October 1855, establishing a government with Patricio Rivas as president while holding real power. By 1856, Walker had consolidated control, setting himself up as president after a farcical election. The U.S. recognized his regime in May 1856, and Walker launched an Americanization program in July 1856.

Consolidation of Control. Walker's rule was marked by the 1856 election and his inauguration as president. He implemented policies to encourage U.S. emigration, including reinstating slavery and declaring English official. Military opposition grew, with Costa Rica declaring war in March 1856. Walker faced defeats at Rivas and San Jacinto, but maintained control until late 1856 when Granada was besieged.

Military Conflict. Central American forces united against Walker. In October 1856, Guatemalan Colonel Zavala approached Walker's soldiers in Granada. By December 1856, Granada was surrounded by 4,000 troops from Costa Rica, Honduras, El Salvador, and Guatemala. Walker's general Henningsen ordered the city burned before escaping. This conflict was part of the broader Filibuster War, which ended with Walker's surrender in 1857.