Founding of the United States Geological Survey

Background. Prior to 1879, geological surveys were conducted by states and private individuals to support agriculture following westward migration. These efforts included Army Corps of Engineers mapping and explorations like the United States Exploring Expedition. State institutions, such as the Kentucky Geological Survey, were established in the mid-1800s. The explorations led to the creation of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, which included surveys led by John Wesley Powell and George Wheeler.

Legislative Process. In 1879, a National Academy of Sciences report suggested creating an agency dedicated to studying geology and environmental resources on public domain. This report prompted Congress to establish the USGS as a last-minute amendment to a sundry appropriations bill. The Organic Act of 1879 was signed into law by President Rutherford B. Hayes.

Mandate and Transition. The Organic Act charged the new agency with the classification of public lands and examination of geological structure, mineral resources, and products of the national domain. The legislation also discontinued the existing surveys led by Hayden, Powell, and Wheeler on June 30, 1879, consolidating efforts under the new Department of the Interior agency.