First American civil service reform law creates the United States Civil Service Commission

Background. American politics operated on the spoils system, where officeholders awarded allies with government jobs for political support. Reformers believed a commission outside the president's chain of command would ensure merit-based selection and political neutrality, alleviating the burdensome task of appointing federal office seekers.

Legislation and Creation. The first U.S. civil service reform legislation was passed by Congress and signed into law by President Grant. This act created the United States Civil Service Commission, a federal government agency. The commission was implemented by Grant and funded for two years, lasting until 1874.

Function and Authority. The Civil Service Commission administered the civil service of the United States federal government. Commissioners were responsible for direct administration of the personnel system, including rule-making authority, administration of merit examinations, and enforcement of merit rules. The commission aimed to reduce patronage and ensure merit-based selection.