Tyrolean uprising against French and Bavarian occupation under Andreas Hofer

Background. Bavarian policies under Count Montgelas angered the Tyrolean population through legislative changes, including the disestablishment of the County of Tyrol in 1808 and the replacement of feudal rights. Compulsory smallpox vaccination and conscription into the Bavarian Army further fueled resentment. The flight of young men from Axams to Innsbruck in March 1809 marked the beginning of the uprising, which was legitimized by Austria's declaration of war on 9 April 1809.

Outbreak. The rebellion began on 9 April 1809 in Innsbruck. Tyrolean citizen militia, joined by peasants and craftsmen, gathered around Sterzing and marched north through the Brenner Pass. Under Andreas Hofer's command, they defeated Bavarian forces in Sterzing on 11 April, leading to the occupation of Innsbruck before noon. This initial success established Hofer as the effective commander-in-chief of the Tyrolean rebels.

Early Fighting. Following the occupation of Innsbruck, Tyrolean forces engaged in the First Battle of Bergisel on 12 April, defeating the Bavarians. Although French forces arrived as relief, the Tyroleans fought them until victory on the morning of the 13th. Austrian forces under General Chasteler moved into the capital, installing a provisional government, while Hofer advanced south, taking Bozen and Trent.