Treaty of Paris ends the Spanish–American War

Background. The Spanish–American War began in April 1898 due to escalating disputes. Hostilities were halted on August 12, 1898, with the signing of a Protocol of Peace in Washington. This armistice established that peace commissioners from both nations would meet in Paris by October 1, 1898, to negotiate a formal treaty subject to ratification.

Negotiations. The American commission began its work in Paris on September 30, 1898. The negotiations were conducted exclusively by the United States and Spain, with no provision for Puerto Rican representation. Puerto Rico's political leadership remained in San Juan, lacking any role in determining the island's sovereignty during these diplomatic proceedings.

Terms. After over two months of difficult negotiations, the Treaty of Paris was signed on December 10, 1898. The terms were favorable to the United States, which acquired Spain's colonies of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. Cuba became a U.S. protectorate, and the treaty marked the official end of the war.