War of the Oranges ends with Treaty of Badajoz

Background. The conflict originated from diplomatic tensions in 1800, when First Consul Bonaparte and Spanish Generalissimo Manuel de Godoy demanded Portugal break its alliance with Britain. Portugal refused, prompting French troops to enter the country in April 1801. Spanish forces, instigated by France, subsequently invaded Portugal, marking the start of the War of the Oranges.

Treaty Terms. The Treaty of Badajoz, signed on 6 June 1801, established peace between Spain and Portugal. Key provisions included the cession of the border town of Olivenza to Spain and the closure of Portuguese ports to British military and commercial shipping. A separate treaty with France was signed on the same day, though Napoleon initially refused to sign it.

Olivenza Dispute. Olivenza, a town in southwestern Spain near the border, was under Portuguese sovereignty from 1297 until 1801. It was occupied by Spanish forces during the War of the Oranges and ceded to Spain via the Treaty of Badajoz. Portugal later invoked the Congress of Vienna to claim the territory's return, though Spain has administered it since.