José Núñez de Cáceres ends the España Boba era and establishes the Republic of Spanish Haiti

Background. The España Boba period lasted from 9 July 1809 to 1 December 1821, during which the Captaincy General of Santo Domingo remained under Spanish rule, though the Spanish government exercised minimal powers because its resources were attenuated by the Peninsular War and the Spanish American wars of independence. In late 1821, Núñez de Cáceres, the colony's former administrator, led a group that deposed Governor Pascual Real on 30 November 1821, coinciding with a proclamation of independence from Spain and the establishment of the Independent State of Spanish Haiti.

Establishment of the Republic. On 1 December 1821, independence was declared, and a constitutive act petitioned for union with Gran Colombia. The new state, also called the State of Santo Domingo, was led by Núñez de Cáceres. This event followed the storming of the Fortaleza Ozama garrison and the detention of the governor, signaling the formal break from Spanish rule.

Annexation by Haiti. The republic lasted only until 9 February 1822. Haitian President Jean-Pierre Boyer entered Santo Domingo with a force of 12,000 soldiers. Prior to this, various cities had raised the Haitian flag. Núñez de Cáceres offered the keys to the city to Boyer, who formally took possession, ending the short-lived independence.