Ōtsu incident: assassination attempt on the tsesarevich in Japan

Background. The incident occurred during Nicholas's eastern journey, which began with ceremonies in Vladivostok for the Trans-Siberian Railroad. The Russian Pacific Fleet visited several Japanese cities before Nicholas traveled overland to Kyoto. Growing Russian military influence in the Far East made the visit significant for Russo-Japanese relations, prompting the Japanese government to emphasize hospitality.

Assassination Attempt. On 11 May 1891, while returning to Kyoto from Lake Biwa, Nicholas was attacked by Tsuda Sanzō, an escorting policeman. Tsuda swung a sabre at the Tsarevich's face. The attack left Nicholas permanently scarred and suffering from painful headaches. The incident occurred in Ōtsu, Shiga Prefecture, during a day trip to Lake Biwa.

Diplomatic and Legal Response. Prime Minister Matsukata Masayoshi advised Emperor Meiji to visit the Tsarevich immediately to prevent war fears. Emperor Meiji expressed sorrow for the lack of hospitality, leading to public condolences. The government pressured the court to try Tsuda under Article 116, which demanded death for attacks on the Japanese emperor. However, the Russian government expressed satisfaction with the outcome and would have pushed for clemency.

Historical Interpretation. Historians speculate that the incident influenced Nicholas's opinion of Japan, viewing the Japanese as small, feminine, weak, and inferior. The rickshaw drivers who captured Tsuda were feted by the Russian marines, given medals, and received substantial financial rewards. Tsuda was sentenced to life imprisonment in Hokkaido.