Norway proclaims independence, ending the Kalmar Union

Background. Norway had been part of the Kingdom of Denmark-Norway until 1814. Britain's blockade caused severe famine in 1812 and 1813, increasing Norwegian negativity toward the union. Following Napoleon's defeat, the Treaty of Kiel in January 1814 ceded Norway to Sweden, setting the stage for the independence movement.

Treaty and Resistance. The Treaty of Kiel, concluded on 14 January 1814, transferred Norway to Sweden. However, Norwegians did not accept this transfer. In May 1814, a government and constitution were established, naming Christian Frederick as king; the constitution was adopted and signed by the Norwegian Constituent Assembly at Eidsvoll. This act represented a bid for sovereignty despite the treaty's terms.

Outcome. The new Norwegian state failed to gain support or recognition from any foreign power. It lost a two-week war with Sweden in summer 1814. Consequently, the Storting elected Charles XIII as king in November 1814, ending the brief period of independent proclamation.