General Michel Ney enters Switzerland with 40,000 troops on Napoleon's orders

Background. The Helvetic Republic, established in 1798, faced severe economic and political instability. Following the withdrawal of French troops in July 1802, the rural population revolted against the central government, leading to the Stecklikrieg civil war. This collapse prompted Napoleon Bonaparte to intervene, viewing Switzerland as naturally federal and seeking a compromise between the Ancien Régime and a republic.

Military Presence. From September 1802, Michel Ney commanded French troops in Switzerland. His role combined military command with diplomatic duties. During this period, French troops were often needed to support the Helvetic Republic against uprisings, reflecting the continued instability that followed the July 1802 withdrawal and the Stecklikrieg civil war.

Political Resolution. The instability of 1802–03 culminated in the Act of Mediation, issued by Napoleon Bonaparte on 19 February 1803. This act abolished the Helvetic Republic and reestablished the Swiss Confederation, partially restoring cantonal sovereignty. It addressed issues that had torn the Republic apart, providing a framework for a new confederation under French influence.