Event of 1886: The Mount Tarawera volcano erupts in New Zealand, resulting in the deaths of ove

Background. Mount Tarawera is a rhyolitic dome volcano within the Ōkataina Volcanic Centre, formed roughly 23,500 years ago. It had experienced four major eruptions prior to 1886. The area was famous for the Pink and White Terraces, sinter terrace formations on the western and northeastern shores of the lake, which drew visitors from the British Empire. Unusually large eruptions of the geyser at the top of the White Terrace occurred on 22 and 24 November 1885, and pre-eruption signs were noted in May 1886.

Precursors. In May 1886, witnesses reported unusual phenomena. On 24 May, guide Sophia Hinerangi found the creek where boats were moored completely dry. On 31 May, tourists claimed to see a waka approaching their boat before disappearing into the mist. The evening before the eruption was clear, but shortly after midnight on 10 June, more than 30 strong earthquakes were felt in the Rotorua area.

Impact. The eruption distributed wet ash and lapilli over 10,000 square kilometres. Heavy accumulations of mud destroyed several villages near the mountain, causing the majority of deaths. At Waimangu, only phreatomagmatic and hydrothermal eruptions occurred, with no evidence of significant faulting. Accounts describe a large crater on the site of the White Terraces, confirming their destruction, while the Pink Terraces were believed to have been blown away.