US–Kickapoo treaty at Edwardsville, Illinois

Background. The Kickapoo, an Algonquian-speaking tribe, faced pressure from white settlers moving into their territories in the early 19th century. They had previously negotiated several treaties, including those at Vincennes, Grouseland, and Fort Wayne, selling most lands and moving north. These tensions contributed to the broader context of regional conflicts and federal policy changes.

Treaty Terms. The 1819 treaty at Edwardsville stipulated that the Kickapoo cede all their holdings in Illinois, comprising nearly half the state's area. In exchange, they received a smaller tract on the Osage River in Missouri and $3,000 worth of goods. This agreement facilitated their relocation to Missouri.

Historical Context. Edwardsville, named after Ninian Edwards, served as a key location in Central Illinois settlement. The treaty occurred after the United States acquired territory north of the Ohio River. The Kickapoo's subsequent relocation to Kansas in 1832 was a later land exchange, distinct from the 1819 Missouri agreement.