Glorious Revolution deposes Queen Isabella II

Background. By 1868, Queen Isabella II faced widespread opposition from liberals, moderates, and republicans due to her political vacillation. Previous failed attempts to overthrow her, including the 1866 rebellion led by General Prim, signaled serious unrest. The death of Leopoldo O'Donnell in 1867 caused the Unión Liberal to unravel, pushing many supporters to join the movement to depose Isabella in favor of a more effective regime.

Outbreak. The revolution began in September 1868 with a naval mutiny in Cádiz led by Admiral Topete. Generals Prim and Serrano denounced the government, causing much of the army to defect to the revolutionary side. The Democratic Party provided popular support, transforming the military statement into an actual revolution. Political iconoclasm occurred as masses destroyed symbols of the Bourbon dynasty.

Deposition. Isabella's loyal forces under Manuel Pavía were defeated by General Serrano at the Battle of Alcolea on 28 September 1868. This defeat ended her 35-year reign. Following the news, Isabella left San Sebastián and went into exile in France, taking a train to Biarritz on 30 September. She retired from Spanish politics, though she formally abdicated in favor of her son in 1870.