Grant captures Fort Henry

Background. In early 1862, Confederate General Albert Sidney Johnston commanded forces spread thinly across a wide defensive line. Grant proposed moving against Fort Henry, and Halleck authorized the operation on January 30, 1862. Grant landed two divisions north of the fort on February 4 and 5, planning a simultaneous attack with Union gunboats commanded by Flag Officer Andrew Hull Foote.

Conditions. Heavy rains in February 1862 caused the Tennessee River to rise, submerging most of Fort Henry, including the powder magazine. These conditions slowed Union troop progress but favored naval actions. The battle concluded before infantry saw action, as gunboats bombarded the fort, leading to its surrender on February 6, 1862.

Significance. The capture of Fort Henry was the first important victory for the Union during the American Civil War. The troops serving under Grant formed the nucleus of the Union's successful Army of the Tennessee, although that name was not yet in use at the time of the battle.