Execution of Choe Je-u, founder of the Donghak Movement

Background. Choe Je-u founded the Donghak movement in 1860, combining various spiritual traditions into a school of thought that valued rebellion and anti-government sentiment. Although his vision was primarily religious, Joseon authorities misinterpreted his teachings as dangerous and heretical, associating them with Western learning and Catholicism. This misunderstanding led to his arrest in December 1863, setting the stage for his execution.

Trial and Execution. Following his arrest, Choe Je-u was tried and found guilty on 5 April 1864. He was subsequently beheaded on 15 April 1864 in Daegu. The execution was justified by authorities who viewed his teachings as a threat to social order, fearing they might incite unrest similar to other contemporary rebellions. His death marked a significant turning point for the movement.

Immediate Aftermath. After Choe Je-u's death, the Donghak movement continued under the leadership of Choe Sihyeong. His teachings were later collected and published in volumes such as The Bible of the Donghak Doctrine and The Hymns of Dragon Lake. The movement persisted despite the execution, evolving from a reform movement into a recognized religion, though its immediate political impact was curtailed by the loss of its founder.