Conquest of Vilcabamba

Background. Vilcabamba served as the capital of the Neo-Inca State from 1539 to 1572, acting as the final refuge of Inca resistance after the collapse of the main empire. The state was established by Manco Inca Yupanqui and persisted as a rump state until the Spanish military campaign of 1572 ended its political authority.

Decision to Conquer. Viceroy Francisco de Toledo decided to conquer Vilcabamba after the Incas murdered a Spanish envoy, an act he cited as a violation of international law regarding ambassadors. He formally declared war against the Neo-Inca State on April 14, 1572, initiating the military campaign to end Inca rule in the region.

Military Campaign. Following the declaration of war, Spanish forces captured a key bridge on the Neo-Inca border within two weeks. On June 24, 1572, veteran conquistador Martín Hurtado de Arbieto led a final advance into the rugged jungle capital, entering Vilcabamba on foot due to the unsuitable terrain for horses.

Conclusion. The fall of Vilcabamba led to the pursuit and capture of Túpac Amaru, the last Inca monarch. He was tried and beheaded in the Plaza de Armas of Cusco on September 24, 1572, marking the definitive end of the Inca state's political authority.