Aguinaldo informs Anderson of intent to assume authority

Background. Following the Spanish–American War, the United States annexed the Philippines via the Treaty of Paris in December 1898. Philippine nationalists had proclaimed independence in June 1898 and established the First Philippine Republic in January 1899. The U.S. did not recognize these events, leading to escalating tensions and the outbreak of war in February 1899. General Thomas M. Anderson commanded U.S. forces in Manila during this period.

Political Context. Emilio Aguinaldo served as the president of the First Philippine Republic, established in January 1899. He had previously assumed dictatorial powers in May 1898 to administer decrees. The U.S. military government, established in August 1898, operated independently of the revolutionary government. Aguinaldo's intent to assume authority over conquered areas challenged the U.S. military administration, contributing to the conflict that began in February 1899.

Military Escalation. Tensions between U.S. forces and Filipino revolutionaries escalated throughout 1898 and early 1899. U.S. command suspected Aguinaldo of negotiating with Spanish authorities in July 1898. Fighting commenced on February 4, 1899, in the Battle of Manila. General Anderson remained in command of U.S. forces in Manila during this period, witnessing the transition from peace to open conflict.